three plastic bags

 On 2
first part of the
three plastic bags are not demons, should be > Five-Year emphasis on the technology needs ten ... 10
both inhibition and encouragement, as soon as possible given the timetable for the implementation of fiscal policy ... 13
eleven public education to the public should first be based on accurate and comprehensive information delivery. .. 14
plastic shopping bags on the second part of br> Second, if people would bring economic burden? ... 15
Summary ... 18
Introduction
2007   12 31, the State Council promulgated the shopping bag notification provide information for the public purpose of support, several civil society organizations and universities from people formed a the and to seek the views of the community when the team has been supplemented on the basis of policy interpretation of submitted to the relevant departments at the Ministry of Commerce.
team members clearly aware of their lack of ability, but I believe only active public participation and rational, an environmental policy can be most effective formulation and implementation. Therefore, we hope that this Interpretation of reports and policy recommendations were able to get more people reading. We look forward to care about social and environmental friends can find some useful information, but also look forward to your criticism, but also expect us to continue to follow the policy can work together to revise and improve and ultimately purposes.
2008 年 4 月 15 日
first part of the to provide consumers with convenience, due to excessive use and recycling and other reasons not in place, but also caused a serious waste of energy resources and environmental pollution. especially the ultra-thin plastic shopping bags, easily damaged, most were thrown away, a white l r the main source of pollution. clear thin plastic bag, where is the problem and danger. > . taking into account the end of the decade from 90 in Beijing, Qingdao, Hainan, and other cities have introduced regulations restricting the use of ultra-thin plastic bags, [2] of which about why the ultra-thin plastic bags to limit or prohibit the amount of information is small, it had to Health doubt the people the dangers of such items do mm is so self-evident?
explanation, according to Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, Beijing introduced in 1999 banned ultra-thin plastic bags with the relevant provisions for the following reasons:
(a) ultra- thin plastic bag is difficult to achieve effective use value. consumers shopping bags distribution of ultra-thin, yet home has been left out, for insurance purposes, traders often give a sleeve. Many people have bought an item, with two bags of experience as an ultra-thin plastic bags, often less than the value of its effective use. lost the use value, it is equivalent to leave, take, counterfeit, inferior goods, will be lost need to exist, it is determined by the properties of goods.
(b) ultra-thin plastic bags are often re-use rate, a waste of resources. ultra-thin plastic bags are often not completed the mission has been leakage, even if no leakage, low value of re-use, consumer are generally discarded. and thick plastic bags, and then once the consumer has the habit of many (such as loading garbage).
(c) the quality of light, easily every now and then abandoned after the form on trees landscape eyesores . In particular, consumers in the use of ultra-thin plastic bags and the way damaged, environmental awareness is not high off the case will remain free, also contributed to the low, the random distribution business, not on the formation of the economic constraints of consumers, consumers are willing to accept, resulting in the proliferation of plastic bags used, the more the resulting waste.
(e) for food packaging, production of ultra-thin plastic bags, recycled materials risk is obvious. if not recycled material, because of the permeability of ultra-thin plastic bags, unhealthy risks still exist. [3]
on the above explanation, we believe that in addition to the first reason In addition, there are other reasons, divorced from reality, or are open to question.
on the second, we believe that reuse is not the only reason for the low quality of goods and thickness problems. in promoting the people reuse mechanism (such as plastic bags compensation for the use measures, etc.) does not exist, consumers do not drive reuse plastic bags, including a If, as will be explained in that trash bag after being thrown into the trash directly, not re-use, and even garbage bags as if they can not.
on the third, we believe that people's behavior and plastic bags littering the thickness is no clear correspondence. for peace people who love litter, even a , even if neither qualified nor broken, it is possible to the not only the .
interpretation of Article IV completely divorced from the facts. At present relatively high cost of bags of abuse not only because of the absolute existence of ultra-thin plastic bags.
for the fifth, the existence of the self-employed for the production of recycled plastics will be used to reduce the cost of pollution by harmful substances in waste plastics, but the source of recycled materials and plastic bags independent of the thickness itself. even thickness high, if contaminated by hazardous substances waste plastic as raw material, it will still cause harm.
foregoing analysis, we believe that if the negative effects of ultra-thin plastic bags, the main problem is the quality , then the society should not blindly to show that we can not use the vague to the clear policy reasons for comment. In general, whether qualified or thin plastic bags (and other so-called environmentally friendly alternatives), in order to avoid waste of resources and harm the environment, We must also limit their use.
two objects is why the charges of plastic shopping bags?
...... in all supermarkets, shopping malls, markets and other retail establishments to implement the system of paid use of plastic shopping bags are not allowed to provide free plastic shopping bags. plastic shopping bags? bags of other materials such as paper bags and biodegradable plastic bags within the object is in charge? If plastic bags will produce only what kind of consequences?

with our interpretation of the environment protection is growing, replace non-degradable plastic bags, as to eliminate its entire life-cycle approach to the analysis, from raw material extraction, production, transportation, consumption and waste of the whole process of environmental impact. Do not look to the product of biological products or petroleum products, or whether the easily degradable waste . Many life-cycle analysis (Life Cycle Assessment) has been proved that the environmental impact of paper bags than plastic bags. Europe, the study pointed out that the extraction of raw materials of biodegradable plastic bags, a great impact in the areas (crop production requires a large number of pesticides and fertilizers, consumption of large quantities of water). If people do not change the material used to abuse and waste of resources, the use of alternatives or would cause serious environmental pressures, have a br> If the can not be repeated without the use will not reduce and reuse Recycling). paid use of disposable shopping bags (dominant charge) is used to control the driving force of economic consumption.
alarming is that the ; limitations of lack of education and publicity efforts, and alternative production enterprises a strong public relations impact of the measures, it has contributed to the social objective of substitute for one-time blind trust and dependence and, more important message mm by repeated use of items to reduce waste mm has not been a lot of people to accept. Thus, we can see that the a consequence of one of the reasons; its biggest drawback is that only the provisions of plastic shopping bags is the degradable plastic bags is also charged objects within the bag is not in range. Their reason is that in China, because the high cost of paper bags instead of plastic bags and is unlikely to be widely used. However, there are still some businesses alternatives may be distributed free of charge as a promotional tool (charges in Ireland and China Taiwan after the implementation of this phenomenon occurred: the release of volume growth in paper bags, plastic bags, to some extent offset the tax measures of the environmental benefits [4]), Therefore, we have sufficient reason to believe that, in addition to plastic bags, all other disposable shopping bags also should be the object of charges.
In addition, the problems within the scope of doubts. It is reported that the Ministry of Commerce will be introduced in April, to Contain fresh food, cooked food, pasta and other goods shopping bag (pre-packed bags) may not charge, but grow up in single bags Week 1400 mm.
the > called In addition, the br> Three plastic bags are not demons, should be since June 1,
issues
, it is necessary to make the distinction between these two simple analysis, and stressed the A plastic bag was unreasonable prejudice.
our interpretation
replacement demand. on articles of a kind hard to replace the illegal practice may result in disabling the ratio is often greatly increased, or even result in a environmental pressures can not be ignored; if people do not change the habit of abuse and wasteful use of substitutes can also cause the same consequences, or even worse. It seems that the In addition, the . Although plastic bags are indeed leading to necessarily suitable for mass production. More importantly, at present, both the traditional and the emerging alternatives can not be completely functionally replace ordinary plastic bags because the advantages of plastic bags is to some extent benefited from the people hate non-biodegradable, so can be easily missed, and easy to carry, to long-term use of the container. biodegradable plastic bags are good of course, it is difficult to control behavior for throwing garbage or rubbish easy access to local natural ecosystem areas (such as tourist attractions, etc.), and inappropriate because of health reasons the case of repeated use, such as used to hold meat, fish and other food shopping bags and garbage bags. Different materials have different strengths and weaknesses, we need to take the attitude is the The worst invention pollution and resource and energy consumption.
for the rational use of plastic bags for example. Since 2002, Ireland started charging system of plastic shopping bags, they take the approach where the supermarket is to provide compensation to customers with high thickness of plastic shopping bags. These plastic bags are still high-density polyethylene material (HDPE) or low density polyethylene (LDPE), low biodegradability. But precisely because it is an ordinary plastic bag, with a plastic bag easy to carry the functional advantages mm (can be on the bag), thickness, suitable for repeated use. because supermarkets do not provide free plastic bags, consumers have an incentive such as the thickness of the high re-use plastic bags. Irish plastic bag charging policy after the implementation of its plastic bags to reduce consumption by 90%, and has maintained this level. we can see Ireland's consumers have learned to the rational use of items. On the contrary, in the media can often see the American-style comprehensive alternative to paper bags , free method of payment is clearly contrary to the paper : its strength from the second use to begin to decline. So, some people proposed compensation for the use shopping bags is to use economic driving force for people to system of paid use of the range of bags to ;.
issues
experts believe that the ; limited enforcement, the application in the country markets, then produces a number of questions; many people doubt whether these two provisions to the individual business households in the main bazaars in the practice. This question deserves further study. First, while the fair trade market is the proliferation of ultra-thin plastic shopping bags a place, but the basis of the experience, this situation can not be changed. pandas in Beijing around the island country markets, for example, in the a uniform field distribution business in the plastic shopping bags, the quality is clearly better than the ultra-thin plastic shopping bags generally good. at the same time there is in accordance with local regulations in Beijing [5] to fulfill the responsibility to disable ultra-thin plastic shopping bags and bazaars non-performance related responsibilities between country markets there must be a number of different situations, such as the relationship between higher and lower levels of responsibility, the leader of the laws and regulations knowledge management within the market, the market and its business contained in the cost and profitability . in order to requirements of the market managers and dealers have made in fields relatively large adjustment, the relevant departments need to help smooth the transition to a , commodity trading markets and other forms of market rental stalls, set up the franchise (or concurrently) the operator's plastic shopping bags. Thus, policy development is required before the implementation details to know more about the actual situation, or if not practical they may reproduce the so-called discussion of the market, sales of other specialized items such as clothing, electronics store plastic shopping bags used in the situation is less attention. One thing to note is that these stores shopping bags used in the types and costs are possible and supermarkets and set trade markets are very different, if the Government in accordance with the supermarkets and bazaars often use the cost of plastic shopping bags provided for price differences in the economic situation in backward areas, but in reality these differences will significantly affect the implementation of relevant provisions.
(d) Even in cities and economically developed areas, to effectively implement all relevant provisions of the retail sites is also not possible because the management of social resources and administrative costs is limited. For some small traders, small retailers can be very difficult for law enforcement.
(e) Taking into account (c), (d) two points, required under the introduction of only limited resources to more efficient use, the effect of related work can be assessed and measured. It also can make the public understand the Government's plan, focused work of thinking, so as to better meet the related work. If you are listed in the including Beijing has banned ultra-thin plastic shopping bags in the local laws of the lack of specific regulatory measures, and the flow on the piece of paper, if this time we can not fate.
the lists of consumers to purchase the number of plastic shopping bags and the price. by renting out stalls country markets operating as sales documents issued to consumers other than actual difficulties. effectiveness of administrative fines used in the content and semi-urban rural areas. For the understanding and support.
five system Plastic shopping bags must be clearly marked, and in addition to the price of goods charged the price of plastic shopping bags, or will not provide free plastic shopping bags hidden in the price of goods within the combined total charge. an economic burden. Here, we first
our interpretation
First of all, some media are now the This statement is not accurate. Usually, we generated an economic activity external costs (such as the loss of social and environmental pollution) internalization, the call Take the plastic bag to at the cost of plastic bags, including the external costs of using plastic bags, the result will inevitably lead to a decline in plastic bag usage. In contrast, ; price tag taxation is fundamentally different approach, it is not mandatory for the plastic bags used in external costs, but mandatory for the hidden internal costs of dominance, it is difficult to say clearly set some kind of leverage. the price of the goods) the economic value of the plastic bags. Meanwhile, it also by strengthening the so-called understood as a leaving the retailer with punitive prices to make plastic shopping bags was significantly higher than its cost. some social responsibility, and has a competitive advantage and market leadership of the retailer might be further than required by the Government in this regard so far. However, for the business This may be the pricing measures, many people have questioned the cost of plastic shopping bags out of part of the Plastic shopping bags look the ultimate goal of pricing mm plastic shopping bags given to whether the high prices to reduce this Bring your own shopping bags, small bags of multi-use or more environmentally friendly shopping bags. If some of the characteristics of goods makes no obvious alternative to act, then the high price is a set unreasonable fees, charges or even monopoly. On the contrary, if there is obvious alternative behaviors, high-priced itself does not necessarily bring higher profits. If the price elasticity of high [9], but will raise the price of some lower income businesses; If the price elasticity is low, be possible to make income. the lack of obvious the case of alternative behavior is actually very low price elasticity of a state. In the low price elasticity, but not very low in the state, businesses will improve the plastic bag prices increased by some income, business profits can be considered part of the reserved public uses to high fees to obtain the understanding of consumers, but also that they are so priced out of the social and environmental benefits.
In addition, the businessmen, the implementation of the plastic bag obligation, the obligation must be accompanied by a certain price and cost analysis in this regard we further explained in the next section.
on the fees are reasonable, but also need to consider the people in the comparison of actual costs, but also need to introduce the price of goods, personal income factor to determine the > This is not conducive to misleading the public understand the ; paid use system extent to the retailer who loaded. above, we have analyzed how businesses can do as many people think to profit by selling plastic shopping bags, depending on the strength of commodity substitution effect and the level of price elasticity. In addition to Beyond this, businesses in the performance of such obligations occurred during the other costs, we should know about. Through this comprehensive review, we can avoid some too blindly, or even non-existent duty imposed on the policy a body of stakeholders.

If we interpret low price elasticity of plastic shopping bags, or the existence of lagged prices of goods (goods of plastic shopping bags containing the original value) of the effect, businesses may be due to the plastic shopping bags price, separately from the increased revenue collection. In addition to this part of their own profits to encourage businesses to be transferred to public use, we also need to consider the way businesses throughout the sales process of transformation and transition costs arising from the possibility. conversion process increased costs in easy to understand: the adjustment of pay system, staff training, related information and instructions, and the free distribution of a large number of reusable shopping bags in the short term will increase the cost of business. And the situation from abroad, because after the conversion separate plastic bags be collected and brought in efficiency may also make long-term business operating costs. [10] based on these possibilities, if the business of plastic shopping bags to the increase in sales revenue spent on these costs to make up on can be considered reasonable? In contrast, although some merchants sell plastic shopping bags, but the income may be reduced, not enough to offset the cost of their own shopping bags and ...